Ordinary Men - 2572 Words

The arguments that Christopher Browning emphasizes in Ordinary Men are based on his beliefs about the Holocaust. His argument touches base on the idea that regular citizens of Germany could commit such horrible acts without being coerced into doing so. He examines the side of the Reserve Police Battalion 101 and tries to figure out just why these gentlemen participated in the mass shootings and deportations of the Holocaust. In fact should these gentlemen even be called gentlemen enlight of the acts they committed upon other men? The men that Browning writes on were simply ordinary men from various places in Germany. They were mainly middle to lower class men which made of most of the population therefore proving that this was not†¦show more content†¦To think of themselves like this made the men feel just a little better about doing these things. When the commanders noticed the men were being affected by the shootings some changes were made. First, the 101st Battalion was assigned to clearing the ghettos and loading people on trains destined for the Treblinka death camp. The SS-trained soldiers were then given the hard work which helped remove the police mentally from the deaths, and made their work much more efficient. Their jobs were clearing the people off of the trains and checking the towns. By mid-November 1942, following the massacres at Jozefow, Lomzay, Serokomla, Konskowola, and elsewhere, and the liquidation of the ghettos in Miedzyrzec, Lukà ³w, Parczew, Radzyn, and Kock, the men of Reserve Battalion 101 had participated in the outright execution of at least 6,500 Polish Jews and the deportation of at least 42,000 more to the gas chambers of Treblinka. (121) After that the police battalion would move through the town checking the houses. They would sweep through the houses many times to make sure no one was hid ing in corners. Everything the police did was done many times. They would even stand in line for hours checking the camps to make sure everyone was there. This started the massive hunts for the Jews and the men of the police battalion were forced toShow MoreRelatedOrdinary Men1347 Words   |  6 PagesIf one were to take anything from Christopher Browning’s Ordinary Men it is that even the most ordinary, normal men have the capacity to kill. The 101st Reserve Police Battalion executed at least 6,500 Jews at the Polish cities and villages of Jozefow, Lomazy, Serokomla, Lukow, Konskowola, Parczew, Radzyn, Kock, and Miedzyrzec and participated in the deportation of at least 42,000 Jews to the gas chambers in Treblinka (Browning, chapter 14, page 121). There were most likely even more killings thatRead MoreOrdinary Men Essay935 Words   |  4 Pages Browning’s â€Å"Ordinary Men† chronicles the rise and fall of the Reserve Police Battalion 101. The battalion was one of several units that took part in the Final Solution to the Jewish Question while in Poland. The men of Reserve Police Battalion 101, and other units were comprised of ordinary men, from ordinary backgrounds living under the Third Reich. Browning’s premise for the book is very unique, instead of focusing on number of victims, it examines the mindset of how ordinary men, became cold-heartedRead MoreEssay on Ordinary Men1126 Words   |  5 PagesThere are no extraordinary men... just extraordinary circumstances that ordinary men are faced to deal with (William Halsey). The same can be said about volatile men. This is the quote Christopher R. Browning thought of when he named this book. The men of the 101st battalion were rarely faced with decisions. Even if it had been proposed by Trapp the morning of Jozefow that any of the older men who did not feel up to the task that lay before them could step out (Browning, chapter 7, pg. 57), heRead MoreThe Ordinary Men of the Holo caust1075 Words   |  5 Pagesatrocities of the Holocaust came from all over Europe and a wide variety of backgrounds. Art Spiegelman’s Maus: a Survivor’s Tale, Christopher Browning’s Ordinary Men: Reserve Battalion 101 and the Final Solution, and Jan Gross’s Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedbwabne, Poland, all provides a different perspective on how ordinary people felt about their experiences in the Holocaust both perpetrators and victims. Art Spiegelman’s Maus: a Survivor’s Tale is particularly uniqueRead More Ordinary Men by Browning Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesOrdinary Men by Browning The men of Reserve Police Battalion 101 were just ordinary men, from a variety of backgrounds, education, and age. It would appear that they were not selected by any force other than random chance. Their backgrounds and upbringing, however, did little to prepare these men for the horrors they were to witness and participate in. The group was made up of both citizens and career policemen. Major Wilhelm Trapp, a career policeman and World War I veteran headed the battalionRead MoreOrdinary Men By Christopher Browning965 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel Ordinary Men by Christopher Browning there contains a thesis in which the novel is centered around. This thesis is the theory that these ordinary people could commit these atrocities in the Holocaust because of the pressure from their peers and country that were participating in these appalling acts of violence and massacres of innocent people. The basis of this novel relies on the need to show that these men were not necessarily physically forced to commit these heinous acts, but thatRead MoreOrdinary Men by Christopher Browning806 Words   |  3 Pagesevil, they are dehumanized. This is dangerous, as it doesn’t allow us to obtain wisdom, perspective, and empathy for those involved. Ordinary Men allows an opportunity to see these events from the eyes of the perpetrators and their journey that led to what seems to people today as ruthless, unscrupulous murder. When in fact these people were literally ordinary men who were introduced to unordinary circumstances which caused them to abandon their humanity. If we discredit these people as inhuman weRead MoreBrownings Ordinary Men Essay1066 Words   |  5 PagesThere are no extraordinary men... just extraordinary circumstances that ordinary men are faced to deal with (William Halsey). The same can be said about volatile men. This is the quote Christopher R. Browning th ought of when he named this book. The men of the 101st battalion were rarely faced with decisions. Even if it had been proposed by Trapp the morning of Jozefow that any of the older men who did not feel up to the task that lay before them could step out (Browning, chapter 7, pg. 57), heRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Ordinary Men Essay1815 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"Ordinary Men† What do you see when you think about the Holocaust? What are things you associate with it? Personally I think about the absolute evil of the Nazis and the horrible things that the Jews had to endure. I think about how gut wrenchingly terrible of a life style every one of those people had to live through and what it would be like to have been in their place. What I don’t think about and had never even considered before reading the book Ordinary Men is what it was like toRead MoreChristopher Browning s Ordinary Men1241 Words   |  5 Pages(1978), and Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers (2000). Browning is best known for his publication of his book, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. Ordinary Men admired all around the world by many individuals and gives a detailed story about the reserve police battalion during the 1940s. In Christopher Browning’s book, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland, he explains to us all about his study of German Order

The reconciliation of the Indigenous, has played a...

The reconciliation of the Indigenous, has played a significant part in the history of Australia and the lives of many Indigenous Australian’s including Eddie Mabo. Eddie Mabo has been actively involved in Indigenous rights and reconciliation between 1981 and his death in 1992. Reconciliation has been an important part of Australia’s history as it has impacted many generations of Indigenous Australian’s throughout history. Eddie Mabo has played a significant role in the process of reconciliation between Indigenous Australians and the Australian government through his fight for land rights on Murray Island to be restored to their traditional Indigenous owners. Eddie Koiki Mabo has been significantly involved in the reconciliation of†¦show more content†¦Although many support Mabo in his pursuit of reconciliation, there are still people who have questioned Mabo’s credibility. There have been numerous sources supporting Mabo and casting positive views on his journey to reconciliation, as well as sources contradicting Mabo and questioning his credibility due to his past and other uncertain instances. A number of these uncertain instances include recalling exact conversations shared with his grandfather at the age of six and claiming to own sections of land in a variety of different areas (Australian National University, 2003). While many support Mabo for fighting for Indigenous Rights, others feel more could have been done for Indigenous Rights by the Government. Indigenous activist Noel Pearson states, The truth is that the Mabo decision ... was the minimum that could have been given with any decency. Far from giving Aborigin es greater rights than other people, it has left them with less. As well as Hal Wootten who also believes, The Mabo decision improved the situation a little. Those few Aborigines who have managed to hold on to their land despite 200 years of expropriation may now have their title protected against anyone except the crown, which can wipe it out with a stroke of the pen, without compensation. The only thing stopping State governments wiping out native title is that it would be racial discrimination which was outlawed by the Commonwealth Parliament inShow MoreRelatedIndigenous Aboriginal And Aboriginal People1216 Words   |  5 PagesIndigenous Australians are probably descendants of the first modern humans to migrate out of Africa to Asia, roughly 70,000 years ago, arriving in Australia around 50,000 years ago. There is great diversity among different Indigenous communities and societies in Australia, each with its own unique mixture of cultures, customs and languages. In present-day Australia these groups are further divided into local communities. At the time of initial European settlement, over 250 languages were spoken;Read MoreIndigenous Australia And The Policies Imposed Upon Them1833 Words   |  8 PagesIn what ways have Indigenous Australian peoples resisted the non-Indigenous occupation of Australia and the policies imposed upon them? The ways in which Indigenous Australian peoples resisted the non-Indigenous of Australia were seen evident through the policies and practices imposed upon them. Such policies and practices were potentially seen as a common justification for Aboriginal peoples as it was viewed as â€Å"for their own good†. These policies include protection and segregation, assimilationRead MoreAboriginal People s Perception Of Aboriginal Peoples1527 Words   |  7 Pages‘Aboriginalism’ is a term that could hold many different meanings to a variety of people, simply because there is a uneducated understanding, disregard and ignorance in the way that Contemporary Australians know and recognize Indigenous Australia. Having previously understood Aboriginalism to be an identity aboriginals themselves identify to, and being further educated upon the term, ‘aboriginalism’ is now clarified to be a theory of Edward Said’s, in which it describes non-aboriginal peopleâ⠂¬â„¢s perceptionRead More Australian Government Policy Essay3747 Words   |  15 PagesAustralian Government Policy The first English settlement in Australia was established in 1788. Before this the Aborigines lived in the land in harmony. However, after the English arrived, the two different cultures were in close contact and had to determine how to coexist. White Europeans did not respect the Aborigines’ right to the land and it’s resources. With brutal force, they took control of the land and claimed it as their own. Australians then developed their own policies on how to dealRead MoreImproving Academic Outcomes For Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islanders Essay1955 Words   |  8 Pagesso, teachers meet expectations for Australian professional teaching standards and the community. â€Æ' A. Inclusive practice for Indigenous students Fostering pride Teachers should foster self-worth, confidence and self-efficacy among Aboriginal students. This is important because it can help overcome intergenerational trauma (Menzies, 2013). Schools have played a significant role in creating this trauma in the past through successive bad policy and pedagogy (Harrison Sellwood, 2016). For exampleRead MoreAUSTRALIAN ASSIMILATION AND THE IMPACT ON ABORIGINAL HEALTH: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS3055 Words   |  13 PagesASSIMILATION AND THE IMPACT ON ABORIGINAL HEALTH: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS Australia and its Indigenous Society: Australia is one of the world’s most culturally diverse societies and it is commonly assumed that the country offers free and fair opportunities to all its inhabitants. However, on close observation it is clearly evident that the country’s indigenous population is at a social and economic disadvantage when compared to their non-indigenous counterparts and as a consequence the present aboriginal healthRead MoreSwot Analysis25582 Words   |  103 Pageschanging consumer lifestyles and social trends, such as an increase in apartment living. Sunbeam continued to respond to changes in lifestyles by expanding its product range. An increasing number of women were looking for alternative ways of The history of Sunbeam dates back to 1883 in Chicago, Illinois, when T J Clark and J K Stewart formed a partnership to manufacture clipping and grooming machinery for horses, later expanding into sheep-shearing equipment. Shaft Company In 1910, The ChicagoRead More A Theological Perspective of the Clash of Civilizations Essay7154 Words   |  29 PagesIntroduction On more than one occasion, President George W. Bush has described the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as fostering â€Å"a monumental battle of good versus evil.† In this battle, there has been no doubt in his mind (or in ours) regarding who is on the side of good and who is on the side of evil. Though some have winced at the President’s use of such absolute moral terms to portray the tragic events of that fateful day, others have applauded his courageous use of such unfashionableRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David MRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagestrade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Copyright  © 2003 by Ennis Barrington Edmonds The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the

Toyota Production System and Trade Unions- Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Toyota Production System and Trade Unions? Answer: Introduction Australian car manufacturing industry is rolling up its operation in 2017, with all the car manufacturers ceasing operation by the end of this year (Galloway Zervos 2017). Here, there are various reasons for cessation of the Australian automobile industry, rising wages, rising value of the Australian dollar, relatively smaller size of the Australian market and minimization of import tariffs under the bilateral free trade agreements to name a few (Valadkhani 2016). After manufacturing cars in Australia for over 50 years, Toyota Australia, a wholly owned subordinate of Toyota Motor Corporation, has decided to shut its operations down. This is in line with the prevailing industry trend in Australia and the increasing cost of Australian production. As a result, the company will downsize from the current 3900 employees to around 1300 (Toyota Australia 2017). Toyota Australia has established a DRIVE program (Dedicated, Ready, Individual, Vocation, Energised) to assist its workers affected by the closure of the plant to obtain the necessary skills and training for future employment opportunities (Whats Next 2017). Moreover, some employees are being given the opportunity to relocate to the sister Toyota Motor Corporations manufacturing plants in other countries. These employees will be assisted with their relocation to foreign countries. This particular report has been prepared for the plant manager at Toyota Australias Altona plant who has been reassigned to the Toyota Motors plant in USA. The background issues associated with this move has been discussed in detail in the report, which will assist the plant manager in a smooth transition from an Australian work environment to an American one. Background The termination of Australian car manufacturing is in sight with all the three major automotive producers, Ford, General Motors Holden (GM Holden) and Toyota having declared that they will terminate their industrial operations in Australia by end of 2017. Declining profit performance and exponential increase in imports made it increasingly hard for these global car companies to justify their Australian operations (Clibborn, Lansbury Wright 2016). Governments decision to abandon the protectionist policies combined with the appreciating rate of Australian dollar increased the cost of vehicle production in Australia and in turn eroded the effectiveness of local industrialists in domestic as well as export market. Riding on its strong demand in the domestic market and exports to the Middle East, Toyota Motors Corporation was observed as the credible corporation to continue with its Australian production, but a prolonged dispute with the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union (AMWU) and declining export led to the eventual announcement of plant closure. In February 2014, the CEO of Toyota Motor Corporation, Akio Toyoda visited Australia to announce the end of production in 2017, after five decades. Appreciating dollar, the increasing production cost, free trade agreements and fragmented automotive market were the causes that lead to the companys closure (Hopkins 2017). The company has come up with DRIVE, a framework for a transition program. It was described as a complete program that supports end-to-end career management and not just outplacement (Riley, P 2017, pers.comm., 3 March). The main focus of the program is making the outgoing employees future proof by assisting them in acquiring new skill sets, or adapt existing ones. Employment Relations Employment relations involves individual labor contract and collective industrial relations with extensive sub-concepts (Bamber et al. 2016). The International Labour Organization (2017) describes it as the legal link between the employer and its employees and as the crucial point of allusion for deciding the environment and degree of employers' legal rights as well as duties towards their employees. The labour laws and therefore the employment relationships in Australia and the United States of America are quite different. As a plant manager who has been working at the Australian plant, these differences need to be understood thoroughly before commencing work at the American plant. Employment relations in the United States of America have a distinct three-tier structure, namely economy, sectoral and establishment bargaining. Until the early 21st century, when the Australian federal labour laws were rewritten, selection of Australian workforces in concern to their employment terms and conditions be set by a government organization bestowing obligatory notice negotiation was mainly extraneous (McCallum 2011). However with the globalizing economy, the laws had to be changed to be more in tune with the current times, and with the passing of the Fair Work Act (2009) the workers got the choice to implement their true intentions to involve in cooperative negotiating with their managers, similar to what is prevalent in the United States of America under the U.S. National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). Collective Bargaining Having said that, there are still differences between how the two governing labour laws work, and the role labour union plays. Unlike Australia, where, Australian workers have negotiating power as workforces, whether or not they are characterized by trade union, in America only the union can represent the workers (McCallum 2011), which otherwise is known as collective bargaining. The United Sates Department of Labor (2017) defines collective bargaining as a manufacturing associations tool in which the union constantly has a shared curiosity from the time when discussions are for the value of numerous workers. The US system demands that before bargaining commences, a union has to win the exclusive mandate to represent the employees in a given bargaining unit (Business Council of Australia 2010). This makes employment relations at the American plant of Toyota Motors bit trickier compared to the employment relations at the Altona Plant in Australia, as bargaining with a group represented by a union is quite different from bargaining with individual workers. Trade Unions. Sidney and Beatrice Webb (1897) define trade union as an association of wage earners for the determination of maintaining the betterment of the working environment. Years after years the role of trade unions has changed significantly (Wright 2011). Overall, trade unions have five principal functions, namely, service, representation, regulatory, governance and public administration function (Ewing 2004). However in the context of the American automotive industry, trade unions are sometimes blamed for the economic failure of Detroit, the automotive capital of America. The United States automotive industry however, has got a new life in recent years through innovative management practices, a commitment to quality, and constructive employment relationship (Cuthcer-Gurshenfeld, Brooks Mulloy 2015). This resurgence would not have been possible without the support of automotive trade unions, which are now more about enabling productive work rather than threatening to withhold labour. In the face of increasing global competition and with the NAFTA in place, the American automotive unions today are more cooperative and flexible in their demands. Toyota Production System and Trade Unions Toyota Production System, the vehicle production system used by Toyota Motors, follows the attitude of the complete elimination of all waste imbuing all aspects of production in pursuit of the most efficient methods (Toyota Global 2017). Sometimes, also referred to as the lean manufacturing system. Lean manufacturing system can be described as a synthesis of standardized mass production and flexible craft production, in which the benefits of both are combined (Womack, Jones Roos 1990) Toyota Motor Corporations American operations are union free, with the company shutting down its last union factory in the U.S. back in 2009 (Bunkley 2009). Respect and trust between labor and management is a basic code of Toyotas employee relations, as stated in the Guiding Principles at Toyota (2017). Toyota motors benefits from employee engagement. It motivates the employees to put in the extra effort when need be, invokes passion for their work and makes them more loyal towards their employer. Toyota Motors American operations see higher employee engagements on an average compared to their counterparts (Bhatia 2008, p. 241) and this ensures union free operations. Human Resource Management As is the case by maximum administration observations, human resource management (HRM) practices are essentially grounded on ethnic principles and replicate the elementary conventions of standards of the host countrywide culture (Myloni, Harzing Mirza 2004). Though similar in essence, the HRM practices in the United States differ in certain areas from the HRM practices in Australia. The HRM practices used in America are basically the gold standard and are also referred to as strategic human resource management (SHRM). SHRM was developed in the US keeping in mind the free market economy, in which there was very little legislative control over the labour market (Kramar and Parry 2014). An important and central aspect of SHRM model practiced in America is its intent to improve the companys performance by subsidizing to the attainment of administrative plan, client and stakeholder results (Becker et al. 1997). Plant managers and line managers are expected to work in tandem with the HR personnel, as employees work under their direct supervision and it has been demonstrated that they are essential for executing the HRM policies (Purcell and Hutchinson 2006). Having said that, Toyota motors American plants just like their Australian counterpart, are run according to Toyotas systematically organized method known as the Toyota Way in Human Resources Department. The objective of the Toyota Way is understanding of administration that respects people and that allows all personnel to revise their cognitive capabilities, be innovative, and exploit their skills for extreme result by providing them with prospects to accomplish social involvement and self-actualization through their work (Toyota 2017). The plant manager having worked at Toyotas Australian plant should be familiar with the Toyotas HRM model and should continue to employ it at the American plant. The Toyota Way model is a all-inclusive administration background. Unremitting development and admiration for individuals are its two foremost objectives (Gao Low 2015). According to Toyota, the base for modest power is to make sure that each and every worker comprehends and receives the Toyota Way, and that it is essential to disburse much exertion concerning this end (Saruta 2006). To implement this Toyota already recognized a broad internal arrangement of training and preparation, which covers every aspect of labor supervision relations and HRM across its global operations and the plant manager should already be aware of it. Employment associations, and precisely the connection amongst the employee, the union, and the manager, differ intensely from nation to another and have an massive influence on HRM rehearses (Dessler, Chhinzer Cole 2013). The following are some of the international differences: Cultural Factors Cultural differences in various countries demand corresponding differences in HRM practices. For instance, the Far Eastern cultural norms and the importance there of the patriarchal system affects the way an East Asian worker views his relationship with the employer as well as influences how that person works. Similarly, the work ethics in America might be different from what the manager is used to at the Australian unit. American workplace on an average have less downtime compared to Australia and the number of leaves is also lesser. Furthermore, American work place is more invidualist, compared to the Australian workplace where people tend to look out for each other more. Given that both Australia and America are western democracies gender differences in the work force and work place should be negligible. Economic Factors Depending on the kind of economy a company is functioning in, the HRM practices can vary drastically. For example, in the case of a free market economy, like that of Australia and the USA, the HRM is driven by profitability, cost reduction productivity and efficiency. On the other hand in the case of socialist economies HR practices are dictated by issues such as job security, loss of jobs and its effects on the society. However, as mentioned earlier, with both the Australian and the American economy being free, no such differences should be there in this present case. US Politics and American Automotive Industry The 2008 global financial crisis forced a reassessment of the manufacturing structure of the American car manufacturing industry. The American industry was found structurally weak and inherently lacking in contrast to German and Japanese accompaniments, and recession wreaked havoc on the American car industry (Nieuwenhuis Wells 2015). The so-called Detroit Three carmakers, Chrysler, Ford and GM were severely hit, with drastic drop in sales and production which in turn led to a steep decline in employment. Domestic transactions for Ford General Motors and Chrysler dropped from 8.41million in April 2007 to 6.47 million in April 2008 with almost halved in 2009 to 4.63 million. Their joint market share dropped from 52.36 % in 2007 to 48.17% and 44.33% in the following years (Klier and Rubenstein 2013). Post the crisis impact, the monetary circumstance of two major car manufacturers Chrysler and GM became abysmal, to the point that by November 2008, the companies might not protect the recognition they were in need for to cover their everyday operational costs (Cooney et al. 2009). With approximately 7.25 Million jobs, the automotive industry in the US is one of the biggest private sector employers. US federal government had no other choice, by to step in and bail out the ailing companies and today with the push from the government the industry has bounced back posting its highest ever sales (Auto Alliance 2017). The US government has always been supportive of the US automotive industry, and this has continued with the new Trump administration, with increased focus on US manufacturing. Trump was elected on the policy plank of bringing the US manufacturing jobs back, and his administration has been working towards it, to achieve this goal. There are significant managements rules and supervisory improvement, tax restructuring, and trade policies in the offing and these will help return significant manufacturing jobs back to America, as well as create new ones (Hirschfeld 2017). Under the new administration, The US industrial sector is expected to see moderate growth over the next few years, as President Donald Trump shifts away from the previous administrations trade policies towards policies oriented at boosting local manufacturing (Frost Sullivan, 2017). These new policies and frameworks are being formed keeping in mind the decline in US manufacturing employment and establishments as well as loss of manufacturing export market to developing parsimonies like China and India. The Trump administration is on board with the car manufacturers for a lower Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard, which is expected to increase substantially for the automakers selling vehicles in the US by 2025. CAFE is the combined fleet wide fuel economy companies need to accomplish on regular for every cars and HGV fleets, minor and huge, to please officials (U.S. Department of Transportation 2017). With a Republican majority in both the White House and Congress, car man ufactures are expected to push back against any such increase in standards which will in turn decrease the pressure on the car manufacturers and boost their production, thereby bringing more jobs in the car manufacturing industry. Toyota Motor Corporation like the other major manufacturers was also affected by the economic downturn, and in 2008 the company saw its first loss ever in over 70 years of operation (Woodruff 2008). However, Toyota Motors was better placed than its counterparts and was back in the greens in the very next year. As part of its restructuring policy, post the global financial crisis, Toyota Motor Corporation integrating and consolidating all its distant operations in U.S with solitary property in Plano, Texas, with a directed date in the late 2017 (Rechtin 2014). This decision was made in 2014, after the company realized that maintaining three separate hubs in three different corners of the country became cumbersome and counterproductive. Under its relocation plans, Toyota has offered all permanent employees and their partners an all-expenses-paid site appointment to Plano, as well as a good amount for relocation if they confirmed on relocation (Rechtin 2014). All the international trans fers will be assigned to the new consolidated Toyota facility in Plano, Texas Tax Considerations Deportees are issue to intercontinental assessment laws, and frequently end up paying double taxes, for both the countries. Therefore, equalizing tax policies has to be formulated to safeguard no tax-incentive or hindrance linked with specific intercontinental task (Dowling, Festing Engle 2008). Generally, work performed overseas can be divided into ?ve main categories, namely, business visits overseas, short term assignments overseas, long term assignments, commuter assignments and permanent transfer (KPMG 2015). Since in this case, the plant in Australia is being shut permanently, this particular case will be treated as a permanent transfer and the plant manager will not be considered an Australian resident for tax purposes and will therefore only have to pay the taxes in America. In either case Australia has a tax treaty with the USA in place. Relocation and Orientation Relocation and orientation encompasses pre withdrawal preparation and counseling as well as providing immigration and travel details. An H1B (work visa) will be organized for the employee and his/her family by the company. All the necessary paperwork and documents will be organized by the HR team in America in coordination with the employee. The associated costs will be borne by the company. The HR team will assist with the relocation and provide help with housing, schooling, medical and other relocation services. Any extra compensation or relocation allowance will be finalized before the departure (Durai 2010). Conclusion The objective of this report was to inform the plant manager about the underlying differences in the personnel management or human resource administration approaches and differences in employment relations in the Australian and American context. The labour laws and employment relations in both the countries were discussed under the light of the respective governing acts, the Fair Work Act (2009) Australia, and the U.S. National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). The similarities and dissimilarities between the two systems have been highlighted and explained for the smooth transitioning and transfer of the employee from the Toyota Australia plant to the Toyota Motors Corporations American plant. References Auto Alliance 2017, Americas Automotive Industry, Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, viewed 9 May 2017, https://autoalliance.org/economy/ Bamber, GJ, Lansbury, RD, Wailes, N Wright, CF 2016, International and comparative employment relations, 6 edn, Sage Publishing Becker, EB, Huselid, MA, Pickus, PS Spratt MF 1997, HR as a source of shareholder value: research and recommendations, Human Resource Management, vol.36, no.1, pp. 39-47, viewed 9 May 2017, https://markhuselid.com/pdfs/articles/1997_HRMJ_Becker_et_al.pdf Bhatia, SK 2008, Emerging developments, challenges and strategies in HRD, Deep Publications, New Delhi, viewed 9 May 2017, https://books.google.com/books?id=ITgsKiUVeEAClpg=PP1dq=SK%20Bhatiapg=PP1#v=onepageq=SK%20Bhatiaf=false Bunkley, N 2009, Toyota to close union plant in California, The New York Times, 27 August, viewed 9 May 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/28/business/28nummi.html Business Council of Australia, 2010, Embedding workplace collaboration: good faith bargaining, Melbourne, viewed 8 May 2017, https://www.bca.com.au/publications/embedding-workplace-collaboration-good-faith-bargaining-1 Clibborn, S, Lansbury, RD Wright, CF 2016, Who Killed the Australian Automotive Industry: The Employers, Government or Trade Unions?, Economic Papers: The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 35, no.1, pp. 2-15, viewed 8 May 2017, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1759-3441.12127/abstract Cooney, S, Bickley, JM, Chaikind, H, Petit, CA, Purcell, P, Rapaport, C, Shorter, G 2009, U.S. Motor Vehicle Industry: Federal Financial Assistance and Restructuring (Report No. R40003) ,Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, viewed 9 May 2017, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mise/R40003.pdf Cutcher-Gershenfeld, J, Brooks, D Mulloy, M 2015, The decline and resurgence of the US auto industry, Economy Policy Institute, viewed 9 May 2017, https://www.epi.org/publication/the-decline-and-resurgence-of-the-u-s-auto-industry/ Dessler, G, Chhinzer, N Cole, ND 2013, Managing human resources in an international business, Management of Human Resources: The Essentials, Pearson, Toronto, view 9 May 2017, https://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/728/745520/chapter13.pdf Dowling, PJ, Festing, M Engle, AD 2008, International Human Resource Management, Thomson, London, viewed 9 May 2017, https://books.google.com/books?id=LVG2BUQs_ygClpg=PA5dq=international%20hrm%20immigration%20and%20relocationpg=PR4#v=onepageq=international%20hrm%20immigration%20and%20relocationf=false Durai, P 2010, Human Resource Management, Pearson, Delhi, viewed 9 May 2017, https://books.google.com/books?id=B0U7BAAAQBAJlpg=PA640dq=international%20relocation%20and%20orientation%20human%20resourcepg=PR2#v=onepageq=international%20relocation%20and%20orientation%20human%20resourcef=false Ewing, KD 2005, The function of trade unions, Industrial Law Journal, vol.34, no.1, pp. 1-22, viewed 8 May 2017, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/34.1.1 Frost and Sullivan 2017, US Manufacturing to Expand as President Trump Alters Trade and Business Policies to Support Local Manufacturing, viewed 9 May 2017, https://ww2.frost.com/news/press-releases/us-manufacturing-expand-president-trump-alters-trade-and-business-policies-support-local-manufacturing/ Galloway, A Zervos, C 2017, Toyota to shut down Altona plant with thousands of job losses, The Herald Sun, 31 January, viewed 8 May 207, https://www.heraldsun.com.au/business/toyota-to-shut-down-altona-plant-with-thousands-of-job-losses/news-story/763b7e389d8977e7caa804e773726b6e Gao, S Low, SP 2015, Toyota Way style human resource management in large Chinese construction firms: A qualitative study, International Journal of Construction Management, vol.15, no.1, pp. 17-32, viewed 9 May 2017, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15623599.2015.1012139 Hirchfeld, DJ 2017, Trump Turns to Manufacturing Executives to Help Develop Jobs Plans, The New York Times, 23 February, viewed 9 May 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/23/us/politics/trump-manufacturing.html Hopkins, C 2017, Managing change in the Australian car industry, Australian HR Institute, viewed 8 May 2017, https://www.hrmonline.com.au/section/featured/hr-dealing-death-car-industry/ Klier, T Rubenstein, JM 2013, Restructuring of the U.S. Auto Industry in the 20082009 Recession Economic Development Quarterly,vol.27, no.2, pp. 144-159, viewed 9 May 2017, https://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/doi/abs/10.1177/0891242413481243 KPMG Global Mobility Services 2015, Sending Employees Overseas, KPMG, viewed 9 May 2017, https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2016/04/ie-sending-employees-overseas.pdf Kramar, R Parry, E 2014, Strategic human resource management in the Asia Pacific region: similarities and differences?, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol. 52, no.4, pp. 400-419, viewed 9 May 2017, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1744-7941.12042 McCallum, R 2011, American and Australian Labor Law and Differing Approaches to Employee Choice, ABA Journal of Employment and Labor Law, vol. 26, no.2, pp. 181-199, viewed 8 May 2017, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41320572 Myloni, B, Harzing, AK Mirza, H 2004, Host country specific factors and the transfer of human resource management practices in multinational companies, International Journal of Manpower, vol.25, no.6, pp. 518-534, viewed 9 May 2017, https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437720410560424 Nieuwenhuis, P Well, P 2015, The Global Automotive Industry, 1st edn, Wiley, New York Purcell, J Hutchinson, S 2007, Front-line managers as agents in the HRM-performance causal chain: theory, analysis and evidence, Human Resource Management Journal, vol.17, no.1, pp. 3-20, viewed 9 May 2017, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2007.00022.x Rechtin, M 2014, Toyota to consolidate most U.S. operations in Texas, Automotive News, 28 April, viewed 9 May 2017, https://www.autonews.com/article/20140428/OEM01/140429877/toyota-to-consolidate-most-u.s.-operations-in-texas Saruta, M 2006, Toyota Production Systems: The Toyota Way and LabourManagement Relations, Asian Business and Management, vol. 5, no.4, pp. 487-506, viewed 9 May 2017, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/palgrave.abm.9200198 The International Labour Organization, 2017, Employment relationship, viewed 8 May 2017, https://ilo.org/ifpdial/areas-of-work/labour-law/WCMS_CON_TXT_IFPDIAL_EMPREL_EN/lang--en/index.htm Toyota Australia 2017, Toyota Australia announces closure date, Toyota Australia Head Office, viewed 8 May 2017, https://www.toyota.com.au/news/toyota-australia-announces-closure-date Toyota Global 2017, Toyota production system, Toyota Global Head Office, viewed 9 May 2017, https://www.toyota-global.com/company/vision_philosophy/toyota_production_system/ Toyota Global 2017, Guiding Principles at Toyota, Toyota Global Head Office, viewed 9 May 2017, https://www.toyota-global.com/company/vision_philosophy/guiding_principles.html United States Department of Labor 2017, Collective bargaining, viewed 8 May 2017, https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/labor-relations/collbargaining US Department of Transportation 2017, Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards, Washington, viewed 9 May 2017, https://www.transportation.gov/mission/sustainability/corporate-average-fuel-economy-cafe-standards Valadkhani, A 2016, Collapse of Australian car manufacturing will harm RD in other sectors:study, The Conversation, 21 October, viewed 8 May 2017, https://theconversation.com/collapse-of-australian-car-manufacturing-will-harm-randd-in-other-sectors-study-66984 Webb, S Webb, B 1897, Industrial Democracy, 1st edn, Longmans Green and Co, London, Ney York, Bombay Whats Next? 2017, Changing Lanes: Toyota, The Australian Government Department of Employment, viewed 8 May 2017, https://whatsnext.employment.gov.au/toyota Womack, JP, Jones, DT Roos, D 1990, The Machine That Changed the World, 1st edn, Free Press Woodruff, J 2008, Toyotas losses reflect troubles across the global economy, PBS Newshour, 4 December, viewed 9 May 2017, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia-july-dec08-globaleconomy_12-24/ Wright, CF 2011, What role for trade unions in future workplace relations?, ACAS, viewed 8 May 2017, https://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/g/m/What_role_for_trade_unions_in_future_workplace_relations.pdf

Is The Us Responsible Essays - Military Dictatorship Of Chile

Is The Us Responsible? Was The United States Responsible? It has long been said that the United States was responsible for bringing down Salvador Allendes government in Chile but this paper will argue that the Allende government was brought down by its own doing. It is true that Salvador Allende was elected in 1970 by means of a democratic election, although only with 36.6% of the vote. Nevertheless, it is equally true that his government lost its democratic character by having repeatedly violated the Constitution. In effect, President Allende became a tyrant when he broke his solemn oath to respect the Constitution and the Chilean laws. This was not just obvious to the great majority of Chileans in their daily lives, but was also established by almost two thirds of the House of Deputies (the Lower House of the Chilean Congress) in its momentous Agreement of 23 August 1973 (there was also a statement to the same effect from the Supreme Court). In this Agreement, is presented a list of the legal and constitutional violations of President Allende's government and it decided to make representations of this grave breach of the legal and constitutional order of the Republic to, among other authorities, the Armed Forces. At the same time it decides to make representations to those that, by virtue of their function, of their oath to remain faithful to the Constitution and the law, ... it is up to them to put immediate end to all the situations referred to above, which infringe the Constitution and the law. Since no feasible mechanism existed in the Chilean Constitution to remove a President who had lost his democratic nature, the House of Deputies, with the support of all the representatives of the Christian Democratic Party, made representations to the Armed Forces whom it was up to to put immediate end to this grave situation. This was, in fact, an inequivocal call to remove President Allende. The Armed Forces, led by the person who was then the Commander in Chief of the Army, General Augusto Pinochet, complied with the Agreement of the House of Deputies eighteen days later, on September 11, 1973. Therefore the origin of that government is that of any revolutionary one, in which only the use of force was left in order to remove a tyrant. When a President elected by a third of the population is removed, and especially if his government has caused the creation of armed militias, it is inevitable that a civil war should ensue. In some countries conflicts of this nature have produced hundreds of thousands of victims. For example, the Spanish Civil War caused one million deaths. Even the U.S. Civil War, also the product of a Constitution which was not clear concerning the right for a state to seceed from the Union , resulted in 650,000 deaths. While it is important to grieve for each one of the victims, Chileans and foreigners, who fell in Chile, and condemning each one of the abuses which both sides committed in the civil war which lasted for years, it is also important to point out that the Chilean revolution produced a minimal number of deaths when compared to any historic standard. Even the Report of the Commission which President Aylwin's government, antagonistic to President Pinochet's, set up (the so-called Rettig Report), concluded that in the 17 year period around 2,000 people died. In addition to the successful economic transformation carried out by his government, the momentous achievement which meant avoiding a war with Argentina, and the voluntary transition to a democratic government, the historical truth demands recognition that President Pinochet led a legitimate rebellion against tyranny and that during his government the price was a minimal cost in human lives, the majority the result of the quasi civil war. History